Stocks and bonds
Investors are always told to diversify their portfolio between stocks and bonds, but what exactly is the difference between these two investments? Here we discuss the fundamental differences between stocks and bonds.
Stocks are equity; bonds are debt
Stocks and bonds are two different ways for an entity to raise money to operate its business. When a company issues stock, it is selling a portion of itself for cash. When it issues bonds, it is taking on debt with the agreement to pay interest for the use of the money.
Shares are simply small parts of a company. It works like this: a company has become successful after its start-up phase. The owners now want to expand, but are not able to do so by using only the income from their activities. For further financing, they can therefore go to the financial markets.
One way to do this is to split the company into pieces and sell some of these pieces on the market in a process called an IPO. A person who buys a share is actually buying a piece of the company, making him or her a partial owner (albeit a very small one). For the company, shares are therefore considered equity.
Bonds, on the other hand, are debt capital. A government, company, or other entity that needs cash borrows money on the public market and then pays interest to these investors. Each bond has a certain nominal value (e.g. €1000) and pays a coupon (the interest payments) to the investors. With a 4% coupon, the investor receives €40 annually on the €1000 bond until the bond reaches its maturity. On the maturity date, the investor receives his full payment back, except in the rare case where the bond issuer can no longer meet the payment obligation.
The difference for investors
Given that stocks are partial ownership of a company — and therefore also of that company’s profits and losses — the value of an investment can grow when a company performs well. On the other hand, the value can also fall when the company does less well, or in the worst case, disappear completely in the event of bankruptcy.
Bonds do not have the same high-return potential as stocks, but are preferred by investors who prioritize income. Bonds are also less risky than stocks. Although bond prices can fluctuate—sometimes quite dramatically due to higher-risk markets—most bonds repay their full amount at maturity and are much less likely to suffer losses than stocks.
What is right for you?
Many people invest in both stocks and bonds for diversification purposes. The right mix of stocks and bonds in your portfolio depends on your time horizon, risk tolerance, and investment goals.